<p>This entry represents type 10 adenylate cylcases (also known as soluble adenylyl cyclase; <db_xref db="EC" dbkey="4.6.1.1"/>), which produces cAMP and phosphate from ATP. This enzyme has a critical role in mammalian spermatogenesis by producing cAMP to mediate the cAMP-responsive nuclear factors indispensable for maturation of sperm in the epididymis [<cite idref="PUB00042963"/>]. This induces capacitation, the maturational process that sperm undergo prior to fertilization. Soluble adenylyl cyclase binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit, and is activated by manganese or magnesium ions. The enzyme is activated by bicarbonate in the presence of magnesium ions, and inhibited by bicarbonate i nthe presence of manganese ions. Genetic variations in the gene that encodes this enzyme (ADCY10) are associated with absorptive hypercalciuria type 2 (HCA2) (OMIM:143870). </p>