<p>A conserved domain of about 70 amino acids has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-strand nucleic-acid binding proteins [<cite idref="PUB00004326"/>, <cite idref="PUB00004061"/>, <cite idref="PUB00003861"/>, <cite idref="PUB00021106"/>, <cite idref="PUB00028025"/>]. This domain, which is known as the 'cold-shock domain' (CSD) is present in the proteins listed below.</p><ul><li> <taxon tax_id="562">Escherichia coli</taxon> protein CS7.4 (gene cspA) which is induced in response to low temperature (cold-shock protein) and which binds to and stimulates the transcription of the CCAAT-containing promoters of the HN-S protein and of gyrA.</li><li>Transcription termination factor Rho, a prokaryotic protein which facilitates transcription termination.</li><li>Mammalian Y box binding protein 1 (YB1). A protein that binds to the CCAAT-containing Y box of mammalian HLA class II genes.</li><li>Xenopus Y box binding proteins -1 and -2 (Y1 and Y2). Proteins that bind to the CCAAT-containing Y box of Xenopus hsp70 genes.</li><li>Xenopus B box binding protein (YB3). YB3 binds the B box promoter element of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III.</li><li>Enhancer factor I subunit A (EFI-A) (dbpB). A protein that also bind to CCAAT-motif in various gene promoters.</li><li>DbpA, a human DNA-binding protein of unknown specificity.</li><li> <taxon tax_id="1423">Bacillus subtilis</taxon> cold-shock proteins cspB and cspC.</li><li> <taxon tax_id="1901">Streptomyces clavuligerus</taxon> protein SC 7.0.</li><li>E. coli proteins cspB, cspC, cspD, cspE and cspF.</li><li>Unr, a mammalian gene encoded upstream of the N-ras gene. Unr contains nine repeats that are similar to the CSD domain. The function of Unr is not yet known but it could be a multivalent DNA-binding protein.</li><li>PPPin, a mammalian brain-specific protein that binds to histone mRNA and which is thought to play a role in the regulation of brain development.</li></ul> Cold shock protein